Anthropology of Consciousness, EarlyView.

Anthropology of Consciousness, EarlyView.

An introduction, from an al-Ghazâlî´s text, into a philosophic theodicy and an Arabic rationalistic theology (mu`tazili). Both of them, theology and philosophy, belive that God has created the best of possible worlds, so that, this world is optimistic and deterministic. However this optimism sense has different causes in them; for theodicy that is owing to Good wishes, while for philosophy is because of the causality and logical necessity.

En las últimas décadas, la teoría epistemológica de Juan Duns Escoto ha sido objeto de interés por combinar los aspectos metafísico y semántico, los cuales le permiten distinguir la intelección, un evento cognoscitivo real, de su ‘contenido’ específico. En este artículo abordaremos el conocimiento divino de las posibles creaturas, preguntándonos si el Doctor Sutil le atribuye a su ser inteligible, esse intelligibile, algún tipo de realidad ontológica. En discusión con la interpretación de quien fue su secretario, Guillermo de Alnwick, argumentaremos (...) que Escoto se refiere, con aquella expresión, al contenido semántico de la intelección sin ningún compromiso ontológico. (shrink)

A unique description of the phenomena that arise from the interaction between quantum systems and their environment. Because of the novel character of the approach discussed, the book addresses scientists from all fields of physics and related disciplines as well as students of physics.

El presente estudio se inscribe en la línea de las investigaciones acerca del pensamiento de Evagrio Póntico, el monje filósofo del siglo IV d.C, que se vienen realizando en los últimos años. En este marco, nos interesa profundizar en la significación que tiene en la obra evagriana un concepto filosófica y teológicamente relevante como es el de sophía y cuál es la relación que la realidad que éste designa tiene con la vida moral. Evagrio establece una relación de connaturalidad entre (...) las virtudes y la sabiduría, de tal modo que el ejercicio ético propio de la primera etapa de desarrollo espiritual es planteado como un requisito para alcanzar la sabiduría. En este contexto se plantea el concepto de apátheia como el estado del alma capaz de alcanzar la sabiduría. No obstante, la ciencia que otorga la sabiduría es siempre en el Póntico un don divino. Por esta razón esta división en etapas no puede ni debe ser planteada de modo taxativo como si las mismas fueran compartimentos estancos. (shrink)

Este artículo busca sacar a flote y estudiar diferentes historias de la materia presentes en el río Magdalena en Colombia, a través de la novela _En el brazo del río _(2006) de Marbel Sandoval Ordoñez, y la crónica _Los escogidos_ (2012), de Patricia Nieto. El objetivo de mi lectura es analizar el fenómeno del río, mediante el concepto de ‘viscosidad porosa’, es decir, evidenciando el enmarañamiento entre cuerpos humanos y no humanos que se da en este y cómo estos reconfiguran (...) los discursos alrededor del Magdalena. Usando una metodología que parte desde los presupuestos de los nuevos materialismos y las humanidades azules_, _propongo una mirada desde una ontología relacional que reconoce la capacidad expresiva (creativa) y el potencial de acción (agenciamiento) del río. A partir de esto realizo una lectura atenta de las dos obras, identificando dónde se visualizan dichos enmarañamientos y cómo la forma de dichas obras literarias permite una reconfiguración del sentido del río. Esto me permite mostrar que las historias de violencia y riqueza que han configurado el Magdalena están, indudablemente, conectadas con la materialidad del mismo, de los cuerpos humanos asesinados que recorren el río en constante interacción con otros animales, o de las aguas del Magdalena entrelazadas con el petróleo que se filtra por el extractivismo de su subsuelo. Por lo tanto, en estos textos literarios el fenómeno del río Magdalena se complejiza y se densifica, permitiéndonos reconocer cómo nuestra realidad esta enmarañada con otros cuerpos humanos y no humanos que habitan nuestro mundo. (shrink)

La inestable relación entre el papado romano y la monarquía francesa desde finales del siglo XIII continuando las primeras décadas del siglo XIV ha sido ocasión propicia para el desarrollo de teorías políticas y la profundización en el estudio de las relaciones entre poder temporal y espiritual. Esta investigación tiene como objetivos principales determinar la posición de Duns Escoto sobre algunos elementos clave de teoría política, como lo son el origen de la sociedad y la autoridad, así como el papel (...) que desempeña la propiedad privada alrededor de estas cuestiones. Nos interesa enmarcar las ideas políticas en conexión con las grandes doctrinas de su filosofía y el debate histórico que vivió él mismo, para poder indagar acerca de su posición en este. De este análisis surgirá que la propiedad privada no es absoluta, la potestad de la autoridad civil es otorgada por la comunidad, puesto que la sociabilidad es anterior a la politicidad y su inclinación contraria a las ideas teocráticas a favor de la separación de los poderes espiritual y temporal. (shrink)

The subject of causality appears in many of the solutions proposed by Duns Scotus on various philosophical problems, such as voluntary act, and theological problems, as the divine dispensation of grace in the sacraments. This paper shows the kinds of causes and causality which are involved in the actual act of intellection. It focuses on the concept of essential order as the source of the different kinds of causal concurrence, and applies this concept to the act of actual intellection, interpreting (...) it according to the idea of unitas ordinis. (shrink)

Resumen Juan Duns Escoto configura su pensamiento filosófico desde una perspectiva cristiana, en la que la acción divina omnipotente crea y conserva las criaturas. Toda obra del creador ad extra es contingente, de manera que la realidad física recibe ese añadido en el nivel ontológico y operativo. Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos: determinar el alcance y la modalidad en que la potentia Dei actúa sobre el mundo natural según el Doctor Sutil y resolver una posible inconsistencia cuando este (...) pensador analiza la capacidad del homo viator para alcanzar certeza en el conocimiento experiencial.John Duns Scotus molds his philosophical thought from a Christian perspective, in which an omnipotent divine action creates and preserves creatures. All what the creator produces ad extra is contingent, so whatever is added to physical reality belongs to an ontological and operational level. This paper aims to determine the extent and manner in which, according to the Doctor Subtilis, the potentia Dei operates on the natural world and to resolve a possible inconsistency when Scotus analyzes the ability of the homo viator to achieve certainty in the experiential knowledge. (shrink)

Cooperative learning encourages the development of interpersonal skills and motivates students to participate more actively in the teaching and learning process. This study explores the impact of cooperative learning on the academic goals influencing university students’ behavior and leading to the attainment of a series of academic objectives. To this end, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used, with a sample of 509 university students from Preschool, Primary and Social Education undergraduate degree courses. Using the Academic Goals Questionnaire, pretest (...) and posttest measures were taken via self-reports to evaluate three types of academic goals: learning goals, social reinforcement goals and achievement goals. The results show that cooperative learning is an effective tool for encouraging university students to develop academic goals that motivate them to fully engage with the tasks they are set in order to acquire knowledge and skills. In addition, when students are asked to work as part of a team on an autonomous basis without the structure and supervision necessary to ensure a minimum standard of cooperation, they display a greater tendency toward social reinforcement goals than toward learning and achievement goals. These findings contribute new knowledge to the conceptual framework on cooperative learning. Goals may be considered one of the most important variables influencing students’ learning and the use of cooperative learning techniques in university classrooms creates the necessary conditions for encouraging students to develop goals oriented toward learning. (shrink)

The article deals with question 1st (chapter 1) of the Coimbra Jesuit Commentary on the Aristotelian ‘De Coelo’ (1593), “Whether the Universe is perfect”. The Author aims at reading anew the Portuguese question, pointing to the place the Universe has in man’s heart by underlining that the cosmos must have in man (“parvus mundus”) its conditions of legality.

Many writers interested in Kelsen's concept of validity state that it is primarily related to such issues as the identity of a legal system, the membership of particular norms in a legal system, its internal consistency, and so on. The result is that for many, Kelsen's concept of validity bears no affinity to the idea of validity prevailing in traditional legal philosophy. This chapter argues that this reading of Kelsen's concept of validity is mistaken. Proponents of this reading have been (...) led to disregard important aspects of Kelsen's theory, formulating unwarranted and tortuous interpretations of it in order to show how it deals with issues that are erroneously supposed to be primarily connected to its concept of validity. It is shown that Kelsen's theory, like traditional philosophical accounts of law, equates the validity of law with its binding force and its existence, and that it conceives of the ascription of validity as a normative judgement. (shrink)

The current study examined the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, identified with a continuous graded cycle ergometry, and aerobic exercise on cognitive functioning and entropy of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 30 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 14 years. Higher and lower fit participants performed an executive function task after a bout of acute exercise and after rest while watching a film. EEG entropy, using the sample entropy measure, was repeatedly measured during the 1500ms post-stimulus interval to evaluate changes in (...) entropy over time. Analysis of the behavioural data for lower and higher fit groups revealed an interaction between fitness levels and acute physical exercise. Notably, lower fit, but not higher fit, participants had higher error rates for NoGo relative to Go trials in the rest condition, whereas in the acute exercise condition there were no differences in error rates between groups; higher fit participants also had significantly faster reaction times in the exercise condition in comparison with the rest condition. Analysis of EEG data revealed that higher fit participants demonstrated lower entropy post-stimulus than lower fit participants in the left frontal hemisphere, possibly indicating increased efficiency of early stage stimulus processing and more efficient allocation of cognitive resources to the task demands. The results suggest that EEG entropy is sensitive to stimulus processing demands and varies as a function of physical fitness levels, but not acute exercise. Physical fitness, in turn, may enhance cognition in adolescence by facilitating higher functionality of the attentional system in the context of lower levels of frontal EEG entropy. (shrink)

Considera a produção científica brasileira da Ciência da Informação (CI), de pesquisadores institucionalmente reconhecidos da área, para realçar movimentos de transformação e influências intelectuais sobre o quadro teórico por eles construído. Questiona os conceitos de pós-modernidade e pós-modernismo no contexto destas produções, analisando criticamente a produção científica periódica, indexada na Base de Dados Referenciais de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (Brapci), dos Bolsistas de Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ), do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), desde o (...) ano de 1990 até 2022, para descrever o fenômeno do pós-modernismo e da pós-modernidade, tanto como processo de transformação e estímulo à produção sobre as contradições encontradas nessa cultura, quanto para o reconhecimento de teorias, conceitos, posicionamentos políticos e ideológicos. Adota a distinção apresentada por Terry Eagleton, entre pós-modernismo e pós-modernidade, para reconhecer os significados dos termos enfocados e seus correlatos, e em quais contextos são analisados no corpus da pesquisa. Seleciona os textos com potencial de contribuição para uma síntese histórico-evolutiva. Conclui, destacando duas posições mais evidentes. A predominante associa à condição da CI como ciência pós-moderna, à arquivística pós-moderna, ao paradigma pós-custodial, à sociedade pós-moderna e a considerações genéricas sobre o saber e a informação como mercadorias básicas da pós-modernidade. A posição mais crítica fundamenta-se em autores como Terry Eagleton, ao denunciar as ilusões do pós-modernismo e David Harvey, cujos principais argumentos relacionam a ascensão de formas culturais pós-modernas e a emergência de modos flexíveis de acumulação ao ciclo de compressão do tempo-espaço na organização do capitalismo. (shrink)

In this paper, we consider how certain longstanding philosophical questions about mental representation may be answered on the assumption that cognitive and perceptual systems implement hierarchical generative models, such as those discussed within the prediction error minimization framework. We build on existing treatments of representation via structural resemblance, such as those in Gładziejewski :559–582, 2016) and Gładziejewski and Miłkowski, to argue for a representationalist interpretation of the PEM framework. We further motivate the proposed approach to content by arguing that it (...) is consistent with approaches implicit in theories of unsupervised learning in neural networks. In the course of this discussion, we argue that the structural representation proposal, properly understood, has more in common with functional-role than with causal/informational or teleosemantic theories. In the remainder of the paper, we describe the PEM framework for approximate Bayesian inference in some detail, and discuss how structural representations might arise within the proposed Bayesian hierarchies. After explicating the notion of variational inference, we define a subjectively accessible measure of misrepresentation for hierarchical Bayesian networks by appeal to the Kullbach–Leibler divergence between posterior generative and approximate recognition densities, and discuss a related measure of objective misrepresentation in terms of correspondence with the facts. (shrink)

Imagine that you are a teenager and have cancer. You undergo a year of chemotherapy and after a brief return to normal life, you have a relapse. Your physician says that chemotherapy and radiation therapy could be tried, but a bone marrow transplant is your only chance of a real cure. He tells you and your parents that you could die as a result of complications from the transplant, but without it you would only be expected to live one year. (...) You and your family discuss the alternatives and decide to have the transplant. You ask what will happen if the BMT fails, but both your physician and your family tell you that right now you must fight to get better and not think negative thoughts. You do not ask any more questions. (shrink)